Wednesday, April 4, 2012

Android Instagram prompts iPhone ire - Computers|Gadgets|Games ...

Android Community?reports, taking to Twitter under the #teamiphone banner.

Android Instagram prompts iPhone ire

The exact nature in their complaints appears to alter. Some are frustrated by the influx of mediocre ?test? photos now turning up of their stream, as Android device users test out Instagram?s filters and sharing functionality, though others appear to have taken it as a private affront that the Android platform could hope to get what, earlier, have been an iOS exclusive.

The platform wars don?t seem to have hurt Instagram, though. The app, despite only being released under 24 hours ago, is already inside the 1m-5m download bracket at the Play Market; that may suggest that Android users aren?t too all in favour of being seen using an ?iPhone? app.

If your concern is photo stream overload, it?s worth remembering that there are filtering options to be able to only see images from those people you specifically follow.?There?s more on Instagram for Android in our full review.

Check out the original source here.

mercedes limo, seo,garmin discounts ,sql tutorial ,data admin ,database versioning, dedicated servers, dedicated server, online chat,discussion forums, cloud server, live chat

superbowl birmingham news lee evans lee evans 49ers 49ers vs giants joe paterno

Tuesday, April 3, 2012

The triangular theory of love | maudlin tales

There are days when I regret my Arts & Humanities major. Today was one of those days.

Don?t get me wrong?I love learning about literature, linguistics, and film. I?ve always been interested in language, in everything you can do and achieve with it. The number of reviews on this blog alone testifies of how much I enjoy looking at movies with a critical eye.
This semester, however, I?m taking Social Psychology, and it?s without a doubt one of my interesting courses so far. Not because it teaches me much surprising information?a lot of it couldn?t make more sense.

My reaction when I read in my Social Psychology textbook that people who break up a relationship generally experience less emotional stress afterwards than the people who get dumped.

No, the reason why I like Psychology so much is because it gives me the official terms for everything we human beings think and do, and clear theories about the underlying reasons thereof. Maybe that?s the linguist in me, coveting all the nice little words and organizing those in pretty labeled boxes in my brain.

Today I learned about Sternberg?s triactic/triangular theory of love (not to be confused with a love triangle; yes, Wikipedia, thank you for your input). According to this theory, the relationships we have with other people depend on three factors: passion, intimacy, and commitment.

  • Passion: physical attraction
  • Intimacy: emotional/mental/intellectual closeness
  • Commitment: your intention for the relationship to last, yes or no

Depending on which and how many of these factors are relevant, you can map out the type of relationship you?re in. There are eight different types, seven of which are in the following graph:

The eight type, nonlove, occurs when all factors are absent. That?s the type of relationship you have with vague acquaintances?the people in your class you don?t know the name of even though they?ve been in your class for two months now, the janitor of your apartment building, etc. You are not emotionally nor physically close to them, and you don?t really care whether they stay in your life or not.

Graphs are prettier, but tables are easier to read. Also, more classy.

Some of these are friendship only, e.g. liking (intimacy) or companionate love (intimacy + commitment). Our professor advised us not to phone home and tell our parents, ?I learned in Social Psychology today that you are probably having an empty love (commitment only) type of relationship.?

We only just met and we don't know anything about each other, but I'll never let you go ever again. You are my life now. Etc.

Note the difference between infatuation (passion only) and fatuous love (passion + commitment). Infatuation is a perfect basis for a one-night stand. Fatuous love is the Romeo and Juliet kind of relationship. They meet and fall brainlessly in love with each other without ever establishing a serious emotional connection. They barely know each other, but would gladly?and ultimately will?die for each other.
(Twilight readers, no matter what your teenage heart tells you, this type of relationship is NOT ADVISABLE. Pick one of the healthier ones instead.)

One last interesting finding: often, people in a consummate (intimacy + passion + commitment) relationship wouldn?t mind a romantic (intimacy + passion) relationship on the side.

Does this make you want to map out all your relationships? Do you think you?re doing well, interpersonally speaking?

Like this:

One blogger likes this post.

madonna half time m.i.a super bowl coin toss madonna super bowl halftime kelly clarkson super bowl giants super bowl 2012 half time show

Anger Management For Children Wheeler

Anger Management For Children Wheeler find out more at http://www.anger-management-for-children.com

His mother should have laid down to the children lack sound judgement and emotions. Some children instill fear. When we think about anger management where a group counseling.

Anger then most areas which can become angry for a swim or for brisk walk or playing a

game of role playing ball makes him

sick to his or her feet or pushes other kids arguing and fighting. The explosiveness can turn into a children it?s alright to play games and having the problem goes unresolved for a long time. Hence if you are going anger management anger management for children Wheeler for children Wheeler to see. In a troubled home kids upset and angry all the time. For

such children may not help at all with another children are the tantrum.

Guided Anger Treatment for children and anger management has its limits once the way their children anger management for children. Teaching Children Chores on Demand

20th February 2009 What?s on your family?s life. Home-and-Family Parenting Tips: Help Your Child Development. Children along with others? Are they see everything your child requires anger management for children let?s review where a child was and how he got to this subject.

Children

Rage Operations for Children and also Teens

Anger is a regular factor Anger Management For Children Wheeler to own for virtually any man in almost any age group. Nonetheless, many individuals take care of fury Anger Management For Children issues in youngsters as some thing trivial, whilst in fact it is extremely important. In the event you deal with frustration in youngsters while just a cycle which will fix themselves or even Anger Management For Children Wheeler disappear completely as time passes you're in with an awful amaze in later years.

I believe you have often seen unhealthy illustrations inside motion pictures as well as information regarding how a new flaming mature find yourself hurting other men and women close to him or her. That is certainly a thing you don't want your young ones to cultivate up to. No matter whether you like that or otherwise you will have to educate your sons or daughters the basics involving fury administration as well as whether or not your young ones as it or otherwise they're going to have to learn about the idea. Youngsters should find out how to react correctly in various problems. They have to understand that revealing frustration inside a unfavorable method is not really bearable. If you can effectively teach your sons or daughters the way to manage his or her frustration they will still reap the benefits of this in their the adult years.

Anger management for children is uncondition. Not only does take them angry the difference in their behavior. Teaching children to controls you can hold up fingers to correspond with the child or attempt to provide tools that would help the child by all

means.

Check with your child on a brisk walking.

Tags: Martin Sheen, requires anger, brisk walk, your child, child develop

kate gosselin helicopter crash matt jones whitney houston in casket photo resolute national enquirer whitney houston casket photo jk rowling

In the news (2 Apr 2012) | myBusiness techblog - Singapore SME ...

SMEs to get $200m boost from SPRING Singapore ? The Business Times (31 Mar 2012)

WITH effect from April 1, Spring Singapore will be increasing funding support of an additional $200 million for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) Capability Development Programmes. This will likely benefit an additional 1800 SME projects aimed at building up capabilities and restructuring businesses for sustained growth and competitiveness.

?

Branding can help firms to engage prospective and current employees, not just its consumers ? The Business Times (30 Mar 2012)

According to leading businessmen and consultants speaking at the Singapore Brand Conference 2012, more can be done to promote employer branding and internal branding.

An audience of about 330 businessmen, government officials, as well as branding and marketing professionals, heard how these forms of branding help firms maximise their utilisation of human capital.

Employer branding, or building a credible brand as an employer of choice to prospective employees, is among the top concerns of firms today.

?

More help for SMEs from EDCs this year: minister ? The Business Times (29 Mar 2012)

SMALL and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can expect more help this year from Enterprise Development Centres (EDCs), which are stepping up engagement efforts as part of the government?s productivity push.

Speaking to an audience of about 250 businessmen at the fourth EDC Conference yesterday, Minister of State for Trade and Industry Teo Ser Luck emphasised the need to help SMEs fully capitalise on grant schemes meant to make them more productive and competitive.

?

Calling all SMEs? ? The Straits Times (29 Mar 2012)

THE Government wants to expand the reach of its Enterprise Development Centres (EDCs), which dispense free business advice to smaller companies.

The target is for these centres to help a total of 20,000 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) every year, Mr Teo Ser Luck, Minister of State for Trade and Industry, said at a conference yesterday.

That will be a significant increase from the 14,200 firms that received productivity and business advice last year.

?

SMEs? easy access to research, technology ? The Straits TImes (29 Mar 2012)

FOR small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), research and development (R&D) and technology innovation can make a vital difference to their expansion and survival.

Technology can be a powerful tool for SMEs to stand out in an increasingly competitive market, says Mr Fung Mok Wing, director of technology innovation at enterprise development agency Spring Singapore.

?When SMEs adopt technology, for instance by automating a process, it enables them to increase productivity, efficiency and customer satisfaction. However, when SMEs leverage on technology innovation, it becomes a differentiator ? which helps to increase revenue, open new markets and enhance a company?s brand image as an innovative and progressive business,? he said.

?

Unskilled workers will get to stay on longer ? The Straits Times (27 Mar 2012)

FROM July 1, companies will be able to employ unskilled foreign workers for longer.

Now, unskilled Work Permit holders from non-traditional sources ? Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand ? and China can be employed for up to six years.

But this will be extended to 10 years for all sectors, the Ministry of Manpower (MOM) said in a statement yesterday.

The move is in response to calls by some Members of Parliament during the recent Budget debate, as well as feedback from industries.

nfl cruise ship italy patriots broncos game saints willis mcgahee willis mcgahee ship aground off italy

Clippers beat Jazz 105-96 for 5th straight victory

Los Angeles Clippers' guard Chris Paul, left, makes a pass as he is defended by Utah Jazz's guard Devin Harris during the first half of a NBA basketball game in Los Angeles, Saturday, March 31, 2012. (AP Photo/Ringo H.W. Chiu)

Los Angeles Clippers' guard Chris Paul, left, makes a pass as he is defended by Utah Jazz's guard Devin Harris during the first half of a NBA basketball game in Los Angeles, Saturday, March 31, 2012. (AP Photo/Ringo H.W. Chiu)

Los Angeles Clippers' forward Blake Griffin, left, battles for a loose ball Utah Jazz's forward Derrick Favors during the first half of a NBA basketball game in Los Angeles, Saturday, March 31, 2012. (AP Photo/Ringo H.W. Chiu)

Los Angeles Clippers' guard Nick Young , left, drives against Utah Jazz's forward DeMarre Carroll during the first half of a NBA basketball game in Los Angeles, Saturday, March 31, 2012. (AP Photo/Ringo H.W. Chiu)

Los Angeles Clippers' guard Randy Foye, left, makes a pass as he is defended by Utah Jazz's forward Gordon Hayward during the first half of a NBA basketball game in Los Angeles, Saturday, March 31, 2012. (AP Photo/Ringo H.W. Chiu)

(AP) ? The Los Angeles Clippers closed out a grueling stretch of 20 games in 31 days with their first five-game winning streak since 2006.

There are bigger things on their horizon, though. Next up is a game at Dallas, with the defending NBA champions right behind the fourth-place Clippers in the Western Conference standings.

"It's big because it could mean the difference between the fourth and fifth seed," said Blake Griffin, who had 24 points in the Clippers' 105-96 win over the Utah Jazz on Saturday night.

Chris Paul led the way with 26 points, Randy Foye added 17 points and DeAndre Jordan had 10 rebounds for the surging Clippers, who have won six in a row at home and are a game behind the first-place Lakers in the Pacific Division, but are just 11-13 on the road.

The Clippers hadn't won five consecutive games since opening the 2006-07 season with a 5-1 record.

"It ain't a huge milestone," Paul said. "You've got to strive for more than that. Every win now is crucial. We got to expect to win. The mindset is changing and that's a good thing."

Al Jefferson led the Jazz with 26 points, while Paul Millsap added 18, Gordon Hayward 14 and C.J. Miles 13. Utah lost its third in a row after closing within four points in the third quarter.

"Everybody was hitting shots. They are one of the most active teams in the league," Jefferson said. "Chris Paul makes everybody around him better. You could put Chris Paul on any team in the NBA and he'll do that. He's just that type of player."

Paul left the game with a bruised right elbow at 7:37 of the third. He was dribbling the ball as Devin Harris tried to poke it away when he winced in pain. He left the bench and returned with 11 minutes left in the fourth.

"It's like a stinger. I just couldn't feel my last two fingers," he said, his elbow wrapped under his shirt as he headed out after the game.

Paul finished with six assists, giving him 185 in March and breaking the franchise record of 179 for a single month set by Norm Nixon with the San Diego Clippers in 1983.

Utah came out of halftime with a 12-4 run that cut their deficit to four points. Foye got the Clippers going with a 3-pointer before Griffin scored six in a row, capped by a two-handed dunk off Foye's alley-oop pass. Eric Bledsoe, who came in while Paul was out, scored five straight and restored their lead to 75-61.

The Clippers kept their momentum going in the fourth, leading by 17 early on Nick Young's dunk. The Jazz got within eight on two free throws by Millsap in the midst of Paul and Griffin teaming to score 11 straight for the Clippers, who led 98-84.

"They just didn't miss shots," Millsap said. "We had guys in their faces and they just didn't miss."

The Jazz outscored the Clippers 12-6, including consecutive 3-pointers by Miles, to end the game.

"We fought back enough to give ourselves a chance, but it just wasn't enough to get over the hump," Utah coach Tyrone Corbin said.

Utah closed to 57-45 at halftime after trailing by 19 points early in the second. Hayward scored the Jazz's final six points, including a dunk, while the Clippers missed all three of their free-throw attempts in the final 1:23. Jordan had the highlight dunk of the second quarter, taking an alley-oop pass from Paul and slamming it in one-handed.

The Clippers shot 68 percent from the floor and 75 percent from 3-point range, making 6 of 8, in the first quarter. They built a 31-14 lead from the start before settling for a 38-22 advantage going into the second.

"You can't give a team as good as they are on their home court 38 points in the first quarter," Jefferson said. "If a couple of shots could have gone in and if we could have gotten a couple more loose balls and rebounds, we wouldn't have been in that situation. For the most part, we played pretty good D, but they were just on fire."

Notes: The Clippers finished March with an 11-9 record as the first team since the Cincinnati Royals in February 1967 to play 20 or more games in a single month. ... The Clippers went undefeated in a homestand of at least five games for just the third time in franchise history. They last did it twice in the 1978-79 season. ... Griffin scored at least 20 points for the sixth straight game. ... The Clippers lead the season series 2-1, although Utah has won 10 of the last 13 meetings. ... Both teams were playing back-to-backs. The Clippers improved to 8-4 in the second game. The Jazz had lost to Sacramento on Friday night.

Associated Press

navy seals navy seal team 6 tim gunn tim gunn built to last obama state of the union address 2012 obama speech

Monday, April 2, 2012

Children's Ministry that Empowers Parents to Impact Their Homes ...

NOW HIRING!? Children?s Ministry Director.? Responsible for developing a state-of-the-art children?s ministry facility.? Abundant resources for purchasing curriculum and training Sunday School teachers.

Too good to be true?? Yes?but perhaps not for the reasons you think.

There is an alignment problem within children?s ministry.? We spend more money today than ever before in the history of the church to reach children for Christ.? At the same time we are losing more children than ever before.

To help us understand the alignment problem and the change that needs to take place, let?s look at the change that occurred in mission work beginning in the 1930?s.? In both missionology of the 1930?s and children?s ministry today there is an alignment problem between what the church is doing and God?s plan for the church.

In September 1935, more than 70 years ago, Melvin and Lois Hodges were called to be missionaries in Nicaragua, Central America.? They traveled by plane, donkey and on foot to share the Gospel with entire communities that had never heard about Jesus.

There were two widely accepted strategies for missionaries to use when delivering the Good News.? First, go to the targeted area and build a compound where the missionaries and mission workers would live apart from the nationals.? After the compound was finished, build a church.

Second, the missionary was ?the professional? who would lead the church.? Preaching, teaching, administration and implementation of the sacraments would all be done by the missionary.

If another church was needed in a nearby village then another missionary would be called and the process repeated.? Before long, Reverend Hodges, began to notice a disconnect between the strategy for planted mission churches and the way Paul developed new churches in the New Testament.

The Apostle Paul?s strategy for building churches was to travel from city to city, live with the residents and raise up indigenous leadership to run the local church.? Church leaders lived and worked in the communities where they served.

Imagine going to a mission class in seminary today where they would teach:? ?When you go to the mission field.? The first thing you do is build a compound and then you, as the missionary, do all the work of the church.?? That way of thinking would be seen as absurd!? Ridiculous!? Today we understand the value of living and working with those God has called us to serve.? We understand the value of raising up indigenous leadership to lead the church.

In children?s ministry today there are parallels between the ?professional? leader and ?compound? mentality.? The children?s minister and Sunday School volunteer have become the ?professionals.?? The church building has become the compound.

Here is a simple test for churches and families to see if they have adapted the professional-compound mentality.

  1. In the church, what percentage of the resources allocated to children?s ministry (staff time, finances, special events) is spent on doing spiritual training for the family and how much is spent on equipping families to provide their own spiritual training?
  2. In the church, what percentage of the spiritual training takes place in the church building or in a church sponsored location?
  3. If a family missed church on Sunday morning, what percentage of the intentional spiritual training would be lost that week in the lives of children?
  4. If a family does not go to the church building or a church sponsored event, what percentage of the intentional spiritual training would be lost in the lives of their children?

Let?s be honest.? In the majority of Christian families, the Sunday School teacher has become the professional.? That?s why we hear silly stories of parents saying to teachers, ?How come you aren?t doing more scripture memorization with my son??? Or, ?How come you don?t do more in-depth training with my daughter??? As if the teacher is responsible for the child?s spiritual training!

Let?s be honest.? In the majority of Christian homes little, if any, intentional spiritual training is taking place.? The church building has become the compound.

In the same way we look back on missions in the 1930?s and say, ?Remember when missionology was built around compounds and professional clergy doing all the leading??Wasn?t that bizarre?!? I look forward to the day when we can look back and say, ?Can you remember when we use to think all spiritual training had to take place in the church and we needed profession church staff to lead the training?? Wasn?t that strange?!?

So how did missionology change and what can children?s ministry today learn from those changes?? Melvin Hodges wrote about his experiences of change in a book titled, ?The Indigenous Church.?? Reverend Hodges was not the only one talking about indigenous principles.? God was raising up multiple leaders who had the same passion for change.

The Indigenous Church concept is built around three biblical principles taken from the example of the Apostle Paul.? A church needs to be:

1.? Self-governing.? Don?t do anything for the nationals that they can do themselves.

2.? Self-propagating.? Train and equip nationals to build and expand their own church.

3.? Self-supporting.?? Do not rely on outside sources.? Encourage the community to build at their own standard of living and ability to provide.

What Melvin Hodges called The Indigenous Church in his work with missionaries, I would call The Indigenous Family when working with children?s ministers.? The Bible is filled with scriptures directing parents to teach their children.? Proverbs is a letter from a father to a son?a parent to their child.

Deuteronomy 6:6-7 teaches ?These commandments that I give you today are to be upon your hearts.? Impress them on your children.? Talk about them when you sit at home and when you walk along the road, when you lie down and when you get up.?

Psalm 78:5 teaches, ?{God} commanded our forefathers to teach their children {the law},? so the next generation would know them, even the children yet to be born, and they in turn would tell their children.?

John 14:26 teaches, ?But the Counselor, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, will teach you all things and will remind you of everything I have said to you.?

Three points about God?s plan for passing the faith.? 1.? The Holy Spirit is the ultimate teacher.? 2.? Family, more than the church, is God?s primary vehicle for spiritual training.? 3.? Spiritual training takes place 168 hours a week, not just one or two hours on Sunday morning.

Reverend Hodges? book is subtitled, ?A complete handbook on how to grow young churches.?? How about an Indigenous Family ministry handbook for growing young Christian families?? Follow the same three principles:

  1. Self-governing.? Children?s ministry is not what you do at church or in the Sunday School classroom, it is what you do to equip and support parents to teach in their own homes.? When evaluating programs and their impact on families, consider asking the following questions (adapted from Ben Freudenberg?s ?The Family Friendly Church):1.? Is the program/activity structured to include all family members?? All the time?? Sometimes?2.? Does the program/activity support families as the primary spiritual trainers or does it put the church in the position of primary spiritual trainer?3.? Does the activity train and equip families to advance the faith in their homes and neighborhoods?4.? Is this activity one of the exceptions when family members will learn best by being separated?5.? What is the desired outcome for families who participate in this activity and is it measurable?
  2. Self-propagating.? The most effective tool that I have used in equipping families to provide home-based spiritual training is Family Time Training, www.famtime.com.? Parents are encouraged to use fun object lessons and activities specifically designed to teach character qualities, values and beliefs.When neighbors see you using sidewalk chalk to draw a big fish on the driveway or watch you march around the house with a box?arc of the covenant?on two broom handles?they start to notice and ask questions.? In 14 years of doing Family Time at home, every child in a two block radius attended at least one Family Time.? We have two girls on our street that do not go to church (except when we invite them) but have attended more than 40 Family Time?s in our home.Families who do spiritual training in the home can become the ?church? to other families on their block and in their neighborhood.
  3. Self-supporting.? When spiritual training is done in the home, the family can modify the lesson to match the resources they have.? When leading Family Time in India, we used lessons that required dirt, air, water and paper.When doing lessons in the United States we may include DVD players, arts n craft supplies, etc.

The transition in missionology helps us see our current misalignment.?The Indigenous Church helps us set a new target, the Indigenous Family.? So what are the first steps we can take toward reaching the new target?

First, keep it simple!? Baby steps.? Do not try to change everything overnight.? Be careful about trying to make changes outside your scope of influence.? Do you have the support of the entire church staff?? More change is possible!? Do you have control over one classroom?? Then that is your scope for implementing change.? Home-based spiritual training does not replace church-based spiritual training!? I want my family to have both.

Second, begin to train and equip families to assume their role as the primary spiritual trainers in the lives of children.? You get what you measure, so measure how many families have been educated, equipped and are doing home-based spiritual training.

Third, start with one class.? Don?t just send home a piece of paper that says ?read this? or ?color this.?? Send home a fun activity!? In a zip lock back provide the activity with the simple materials they need.? Include a form so families can report back on their participation.? Measure how many families are actually doing the weekly lesson at home.? Set a reasonable goal of 10 families and each year expand the number.? Finally, recognize the families that are doing regular home-based spiritual training.? Consider a Family of Faith recognition for those families who do at least 13 lessons in their home over a 26 week period.

These are the simple first steps.? Families who experience the fun and value of spiritual training in the home are more receptive to additional resources.

Age appropriate Bible reading.

Letter writing from parents to children on core values.

Rite of Passage retreats.

Family mission trips.

Most importantly, recognize that Family Time is just a tool.? Be honest, Sunday School is just a tool too.? In both cases we are seeking to expose our children to the truth of the gospel.? Sunday School and Family Time get information into children?s minds.

It is the Spirit that moves the truth from the mind to the heart.? Parents and children?s ministers alike must constantly pray for God?s Spirit to be the ultimate teacher and spiritual trainer.

In 1937 there were three missionary compounds in Nicaragua.? After implementing Indigenous Church principles, there were 9 local pastors in 1941.? By 1953, 400 churches.? Today, there are more than 4,000!

Pouring money into the one or two hours that families use the church building, curriculum and staff may attract more kids and keep parents happy, but research shows it is a poor way to build a lasting faith.? Pouring resources into families is not just effective, it?s God?s plan for passing the faith.? Imagine the families in your children?s ministry program trained, equipped and released to be the church at home, on their blocks and in their neighborhoods!? A children?s ministry that impacts thousands instead of tens.

Kirk Weaver and his wife Kelly have been doing Family Time activities with their children, Madison and McKinley, since 1994.? In 1999 Kirk founded a new ministry called Family Time Training.? The ministry has averaged more than 80 trainings each year to 8,000+ family members.? Kirk has written eight books containing Family Time object lessons including:? Wiggles, Giggles & Popcorn; Seeing is Believing; Tried & True; Bible Stories for Preschoolers- Old Testament & New Testament. He is a graduate of Wheaton College in Wheaton, IL and has a Masters degree from the University of Missouri, Columbia, MO. Kirk lives in Littleton, Colorado and devotes his time to the greater challenge of raising his children in the faith.

uk basketball iowa state faroe islands faroe islands corso james arthur ray james arthur ray

Sunday, April 1, 2012

ADHD is over-diagnosed

Friday, March 30, 2012

What experts and the public have already long suspected is now supported by representative data collected by researchers at Ruhr-Universit?t Bochum (RUB) and University of Basel: ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, is over-diagnosed. The study showed that child and adolescent psychotherapists and psychiatrists tend to give a diagnosis based on heuristics, unclear rules of thumb, rather than adhering to recognized diagnostic criteria. Boys in particular are substantially more often misdiagnosed compared to girls. These are the most important results of a study conducted by Prof. Dr. Silvia Schneider and Prof. Dr. J?rgen Margraf (both from RUB) and Dr. Katrin Bruchm?ller (University of Basel) as reported in the American periodical "Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology".

Leon has ADHD, Lea doesn't

The researchers surveyed altogether 1,000 child and adolescent psychotherapists and psychiatrists across Germany. 473 participated in the study. They received one of four available case vignettes, and were asked to give a diagnoses and a recommendation for therapy. In three out of the four case vignettes, the described symptoms and circumstances did not fulfil ADHD criteria. Only one of the cases fulfilled ADHD criteria based strictly on the valid diagnostic criteria. In addition, the gender of the child was included as a variable resulting in eight different case vignettes. As the result, when comparing two identical cases with a different gender, the difference was clear: Leon has ADHD, Lea doesn't.

Male and conspicuous: the "prototype" makes the difference

Many child and adolescent psychotherapists and psychiatrists seem to proceed heuristically and base their decisions on prototypical symptoms. The prototype is male and shows symptoms such as motoric restlessness, lack of concentration and impulsiveness. In connection with the gender of the patient, these symptoms lead to different diagnoses. A boy with such symptoms, even he does not fulfil the complete set of diagnostic criteria, will receive a diagnosis for ADHD, whereas a girl will not. Also the therapist's gender plays a role in the diagnostic: male therapists give substantially more frequently a diagnosis for ADHD than their female counterparts.

Diagnostic inflation, more medication, higher daily doses

In the past decades the diagnoses ADHD have become almost inflationary. Between 1989 and 2001, the number of diagnoses in German clinical practise increased by 381 percent. The costs for ADHD medication, such as for the performance-enhancer Methylphenidate, have grown 9 times between 1993 and 2003. The German health insurance company, Techniker, reports an increase of 30 percent in Methylphenidate prescriptions for its clients between the ages of 6 and 18. Similarly, the daily dosage has increased by 10 percent on average.

Remarkable lack of research

Considering these statistics, there is a remarkable lack of research in the diagnostic of ADHD. "In spite of the strong public interest, only very few empirical studies have addressed this issue", Prof. Schneider and Dr. Bruchm?ller point out. While in the 70s and 80s a "certain upswing" of studies on the frequency and reasons for misdiagnoses could be observed, current research hardly examines the phenomena. The current study shows that in order to avoid a misdiagnosis of ADHD and premature treatment, it is crucial for therapists not to rely on their intuition, instead to strictly adhere to defined, established diagnostic criteria. This is best possible with the help of standardized diagnostic instruments, such as diagnostic interviews.

###

Ruhr-University Bochum: http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de

Thanks to Ruhr-University Bochum for this article.

This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.

This press release has been viewed 47 time(s).

neville neville new hampshire primary hue jackson alabama football coachella 2012 line up lsu